Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of multiple metabolic complications.
However, a significant number of patients on HAART develop multiple metabolic complications and are at high risk for developing many chronic diseases including insulin resistance, coronary artery disease, renal diseases, lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia to name a few [1], [2], [5] [14].
Excess fat in the abdominal visceral area in particular has been associated with higher risk for multiple metabolic complications and chronic diseases, as well as increased mortality [ 1– 7].
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with multiple comorbidities including metabolic complications, poorly controlled hypertension, and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [ 1].
Persistent unresponsiveness after discontinuation of sedation can be due to multiple causes including metabolic complications, ongoing sepsis, epilepsy, encephalitis, cerebral anoxia as well as stroke.
Adherence is low across multiple areas including monitoring for metabolic complications and blood pressure control [ 5, 10].
2 Although multiple metabolic alterations contribute to the risk of complications in diabetic patients, appropriate management of hyperglycemia remains a main goal of treatment.
63 Women living with HIV have multiple, potentially additive factors that predispose them to metabolic complications, including osteoporosis, lipid and glucose disturbances, and cardiovascular risk.
T2DM and its companion complications (atheroscleropathy) are associated with multiple metabolic toxicities and chronic injurious stimuli that result in vascular remodeling, including fibrosis, structural derangement, tissue or organ dysfunction, and ultimate failure as a result of loss of form (structure) and function [ 1, 4, 11].
Conversely, although diastolic function in men with peripheral metabolic complications was similar in the current study, multiple regression analysis revealed that HIV infection predicted lower diastolic function.
Earlier diagnosis of the patient at risk for the development of VOC is important so that a global risk reduction program can be initiated in order to control for the multiple metabolic toxicities by applying the therapeutic RAAS acronym (table 4) for the treatment and prevention of complications [ 90].
