Values of D1that are significantly greater than zero signal susceptibility to hitch-hiking while values of D2significantly smaller than zero indicate the occurrence of multiple mergers.
The challenge now, Mr. McColl said, is to make the bank's management structure, the product of multiple mergers over the years, more efficient.
Alternatively, the distribution of pairwise coalescence and linkage disequilibrium can be used to quantify the severity of the bottleneck, such as Li and Durbin's (2011) pairwise coalescent model, if multiple mergers are a likely feature of the underlying genealogy.
Finally, instantaneous bottleneck histories extend to more general models of coalescence in which multiple mergers occur as a continuous process rather than an instantaneous event (e.g., Barton et al. 2010; Coop and Ralph 2012).
Furthermore, in the continuous birth death model, we need not worry about multiple mergers (Fu 2006), as there is zero probability of simultaneous events.
This corresponds to recent findings that multiple mergers in genealogies are associated with rapid expansion of clones founded by exceptionally fit individuals (Brunet et al., 2007; Desai et al., 2013; Neher and Hallatschek, 2013).
Some put this restraint down to lessons learned from the multiple mergers that created BofA.And the past few months have brought some signs of stabilisation.
Multiple mergers due to clonal interference can be distinguished from background selection when D3>0.
For sample sizes greater than two, simultaneous multiple mergers become an issue.
We use â B here as Figure 4 indicates that it is less likely to result in underestimation than â F. The second diagnostic tests for an excess of high frequency polymorphisms which is an indication of multiple merger events [ 18, 31] due to interfering mutations that can be either negatively (background selection) or positively(clonal interference) selected.
