Cytopathological abnormalities are observed in G2019S-LRRK2 mincludingding enlarged vacuolar structures with multiple membranes resembling autophagic vacuoles including early and late autophagosomes present in neuronal soma and regions enriched for axons and synapses (Figure 7A D and S8).
However, these cells accumulate high amounts of vesicles that often contain multiple membranes and seem to be filled with cellular contents, features characteristic for autophagosomes.
Tom70 is responsible for the translocation of presequence-less proteins with multiple membrane-spanning domains, which are subsequently directed to the OM or IM [35].
Thus, while FGF7 and PKCζ clones induced the formation of long, persistent tracks, due to the enhancement of directional membrane protrusions, the elongated tracks, induced by HOXB7 and ERBB3 appeared to be associated with multiple membrane protrusions in all directions.
Predicted proteins with multiple membrane spanning domains were identified.
Glideosome associated proteins with multiple membrane spans (GAPMs) have also been described (Bullen et al., 2009).
The presented approach appears also suitable for modeling dynamic processes with multiple membrane bound compartments, like endocytosis, active vesicle transport along cytoskeletal filaments, and processes at the Golgi apparatus.
Similarly, deletion of the VAM3 and VAM7 genes encoding two vacuolar t-SNARES in H. polymorpha also results in unusual peroxisomal structures with multiple membrane-enclosed compartments (Stevens et al. 2005).
This may be due to a higher concentration of protein in the pocket region correlating with the multiple membrane bilayers present; bleaching through these layers thus results in more molecules being affected while also creating a longer diffusion path and hence, a slower recovery rate.
In fact, a single membrane stage requires the lowest membrane area but also produces the lowest purity in the permeate stream, whereas multiple membrane stages provide higher purity values with higher membrane surface areas.
