Briefly, in each city, monitoring took place over a 2-week period; data from fixed-site monitors, monitoring during yearly average concentration periods, or multiple measurement periods were used to estimate yearly averages [see Supplemental Material, Table 1 (doi:10.1289/ehp.1002976) for the city-specific data used for model evaluation].
We also assess the impact of adding multiple measurements on the resulting estimates.
To decrease the impact of outlying monitor values in our analysis, we used a 10% trimmed mean to estimate the concentration of PM10 2.5 within a county for days when multiple measurements of PM10 2.5 could be estimated.
The limits of detection (LODs) were calculated based on long-term standard deviations that were estimated from multiple measurements of low-level standards [ 17].
In addition, the within-day variability of the patient's BP is able to be estimated because multiple measurements are taken.
The measurement of the weight of an animal is relatively simple, although multiple measurements are required over several days to estimate animal ADG accurately.
Each type of measurement has "different strengths and weaknesses, but the combination of multiple measurements and modeling has the potential for refining estimates of C stocks and fluxes" (Law et al. 2004).
Estimating the impact of adding multiple measurements leads to the clear conclusion that a single additional measurement is all that is required.
To separate between the effects of utilizing all relationships in a pedigree when estimating heritability from the effects of using multiple measurements of the same individual, we used two animal models for each trait and trait combination.
Although the availability of multiple measurements of a trait within the EMR may provide a more precise estimate of the trait value as well as change in trait value over time, it is not clear how to deal with multiple measurements in GWAS analyses.
