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However, it is rare to hear of multiple mating types.
According to Leonard, multiple mating types (i.e., more than two) are advantageous if time is of the essence.
The advantage of having only two mating-type alleles is most likely associated with the competitive advantage to the carrier itself and thus, multiple mating types are not favored.
"That is, if a need for rapid zygote formation does not give a big advantage to multiple mating types, natural selection and genetic drift will tend to drive the system to the absolute minimum number of mating types, just two, assuming that outcrossing is beneficial" (p. 17).
Functionally, the mating system in ascomycetes resembles what we find for animals with two mating types, whereas most basidiomycetes possess a more intricate system with multiple mating types.
To our knowledge, this is the first time that such estimator is proposed and has the advantage to present an overall estimation of sexual isolation when multiple mating types are being used.
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P. aurelia has multiple hereditary mating types that form distinct mating groups; once known as syngens, these distinct groups are now considered separate species within the so-called P. aurelia complex.
The PSI, PSS and PTI coefficients, calculated for each combination of mating types in a multiple choice design, represent the sexual isolation, sexual selection and total deviations of each pair combination from the expectations under random mating.
For simplicity we will refer always to the multiple choice design, where males and females of two or more qualitative mating types are placed in a mating chamber and mating pairs are identified.
For the more likely case of multiple mating see below.
Compared with unlimited multiple mating, limited two-occasion mating and the fact that the wild-type adult females have mated with wild-type males before release also reduce the percentage of matings between the engineered insects and the wild-type insects, and this causes higher thresholds in the age-structured model than in the nonage-structured model.
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