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Indirect benefits to females may also ensue if multiple mating results in the production of genetically superior offspring, for example if sperm competition engenders fertilisation of eggs by genetically superior or more compatible males [17]; [17].
When inter-cohort survival is low, this cost to multiple mating results in helping evolving faster with monogamy.
Here, we test the hypothesis that multiple mating results in increased F1 fitness, by examining the number of 'grand-offspring' produced.
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Females mount males prior to mating in both species, so we can exclude the idea as outlined above that multiple mating resulted from the males 'winning' sexual conflict.
As a result, multiple mating by females was mostly seen as a consequence of sexual conflict and sexual coercion by males [ 38].
These results suggest that even when denied the option of multiple mating, singly-mated female guppies can produce viable populations, at least at the founder stage.
This has been verified by systematic comparisons between the thresholds for two-occasion and multiple-mating (results not shown).
Thus, overall, our results suggest that V. squamosa does indeed bear the benefits of multiple mating likely as a result of the free-living portion of its life cycle [ 30].
While under multiple mating conditions the net result is at disadvantage of XSR over XST in both studies, our data indicate that when the matings are rare the outcome of the competition could differ, depending on the distortion strength.
Our results suggest that multiple mating may only promote specialization if genetic diversity in task-choice alleles is already present.
Our results, however, show that multiple mating yields benefits to females in the form of an increase in the production of F1.
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