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Recognition of the ubiquity of female multiple mating has caused an important shift in sexual selection research, emphasizing the adaptive nature of female mating strategies.
But she cautions that it remains to be seen whether multiple mating has the same benefits in the wild, where other mating behaviors come into play.
Males that have not successfully copulated might masturbate to ejaculation as a sexual outlet, particularly in species where multiple mating has selected for high sexual arousal [19].
Multiple mating has an advantage that if mothers die, subsequent benefits nonrandomly accrue to A alleles.
An alternative method of calculating Ne considering sperm precedence and female multiple mating has been suggested by Rice and Holland [ 50].
There is some evidence that multiple mating has beneficial effects on division of labor owing to genetic task determination (e.g., Oldroyd and Fewell 2007).
Similar(50)
Indeed, higher frequencies of female multiple mating have been observed in laboratory populations of both T. dalmanni and T. whitei where meiotic drive is also present [49].
In addition, extreme levels of multiple mating have been reported for some other insect species, such as the seaweed fly (Coelopa frigida) in which a female may mate 600 males during her three week life [36]; genotype data is needed, however, to test if this corresponds to similarly extreme levels of multiple paternity.
Thus, as with multiple mating, having multiple queens alters the optimal strategies of non-imprinted genes, but not imprinted genes.
Similar increases in fecundity associated with multiple mating have been reported across different taxa [ 1, 19, 49, 50].
Multiple mating had no effect on survival or on the probability of producing a first brood in F0 females.
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