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Studies of animal mating systems increasingly emphasize female multiple mating and cryptic sexual selection, particularly sperm competition.
The majority of investigations into multiple mating and its associated benefits in insects have been conducted under laboratory conditions [3].
The effect of multiple mating and male clasping attempts on fecundity was analyzed for only two of the morphs: Androchromes and Infuscans, due to the low sample size (n = 9) and few matings of the rarest morph (Infuscans-obsoleta).
One way of avoiding the logistical problems posed by internal fertilisers is to instead examine the relative effects of multiple mating and genetic in organisms with external fertilisation [2], [23].
But the evolution of multiple mating and multiple paternity itself is an evolutionary puzzle.
These patterns are used to address the question of why multiple mating and multiple paternity evolve.
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Males may sometimes have multiple mates, and bigamy is mostly limited by aggression between females.
Previous research has suggested bear species with strong sex differences tend to have shorter penis bones and mating systems where males take multiple mates and fiercely compete for females.
Fertility of mice was determined by breeding the mice to multiple mates and scoring the number of offspring.
These are generally drawn from Table 1, if necessary averaging using (3) and (4) for multiple mates and multiple queens, respectively.
While this is widely accepted, no study has tested for effects of multiple mating with and without sexual cannibalism on female and offspring fitness.
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