To extract multiple levels of the network structure [9] [12], the common approach is to first generate a dendrogram or group nodes with one method and then determine the multiple cuts or the resolution thresholds with a different method.
Multiple levels of control networks are involved in such complex biological events, in addition to transcriptional and protein regulation.
However, an inferred gene regulatory network is known to reflect multiple levels of the gene network including also physical interactions, e.g., of proteins belonging to the same protein complex.
Several drugs targeting multiple levels of the PI3K network (that is, PI3K, AKT, mTOR) have been developed.
Several drugs targeting multiple levels of the PI3K network (that is, PI3K, AKT, mTOR) are in clinical development in breast cancer.
The Tup1-Ssn6 complex is also a well-established regulator of ROX1 expression (Mennella et al. 2003), suggesting that Tup1 acts at multiple levels of the regulatory network controlling TDH3 expression.
The basal ganglia, cerebellum and thalamus mediate fronto-subcortical loops that relate to motor intention or attention, with further modulation possible by reciprocal connections with the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (Cummings, 1993), leading to a convergent theory invoking disruption of movement, motivation and attention at multiple levels of a distributed network (Black et al., 2004).
Here we use an integrative approach that combines multiple levels of organization (gene networks, development, and phenotype) as well as multiple fields (population genetics, paleoecology and ecology, morphology, and evolutionary developmental biology) to gain a more complete understanding of population differentiation in the wild.
Another opportunity stems from the multiple levels of heterogeneity present in network infrastructures.
