A more detailed transcriptional analysis of var gene switching patterns using silencing with drug-selectable markers in multiple isolates suggests that a var gene switching pattern is conserved throughout different genetic backgrounds (Enderes et al., 2011).
The high level of genetic diversity among the serogroup B isolates suggested that the meningococci have multiple clonal origins and that strains within a clonally related group are derived from genetic variation during clonal expansion.
The genetic diversity among the clinical isolates suggests multiple origins of the genetic material required for ROS resistance in these strains.
The presence of 3 IGS, flaB, and glpQ sequences among the 5 isolates suggests multiple past introductions of B. hermsii to the island.
The presence of multiple indels, only two of which are common to the two isolates, suggests that the organism is maintained not as a clonal population once in the host but as a population of variant individuals.
Also, the average nucleotide heterozygosity at the hsp82 locus was 0.0016, compared to a much higher average nucleotide difference of 0.024 among mmr-b copies within an isolate, suggesting multiple copies homogenized by concerted evolution rather than allelic variation.
As evidenced by their shared RDs and SNPs, the genetic homogeneity of multiple isolates of this distinctive strain suggests that it has undergone selective evolution, possibly through adaptation to its meerkat host (1 ).
Our data also suggests that, if multiple isolates are obtained from a suspected source population, there will likely be added value in generating WGS data on many or all of them rather than sequencing a representative isolate.
We found that ten of the 23 different mutations were observed in multiple lines in this study, and seven of these ten parallel mutations were observed in multiple isolates in at least one line, suggesting that they had attained high frequency.
Numerous reports in potato of QTL that confer resistance to multiple isolates of P. infestans [reviewed in Foolad et al. (2008)] suggest that potato breeding could benefit from such genetic resources.
