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The following procedures were used to detect multiple introductions in the CSE European outbreak.
Alternate approaches for classifying matching strains produced estimates of multiple introductions in <38% of households.
Rather, there also appears to have been multiple introductions in Florida.
Successful crop-wild hybridization and subsequent multiple introductions in a new habitat associate large amounts of genetic diversity with novel genetic combinations (Dlugosch and Parker 2008; Wilson et al. 2009).
The three procedures used to detect multiple introductions in the CSE European outbreak gave similar results: 1) Highest mean multilocus individual assignment likelihood of each sample i to each possible source population s (Li→s) clearly identified the northern USA (represented by the Illinois and Pennsylvania samples) as the most probable source of the 19 sampling sites in CSE Europe (Table 2).
In this assignment analysis potential sources have thus been considered in two ways: (i) North American populations could be the source of multiple introductions in CSE Europe (either primary or secondary) and (ii) European outbreaks could be the source of secondary introductions in CSE European locations where WCR had already been observed.
Similar(54)
It can be found in northern Africa (e.g. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya), the Middle East (e.g. Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq, Europe Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Greecece, and multiple introductions into Spain and Greece), and in Asia (e.g. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Iran, and possibly Afghanistan).
In reed canarygrass, multiple introductions into North America of genetic material from different European regions have mitigated the impact of genetic bottlenecks (Lavergne and Molofsky 2007).
The presence of multiple MAP subtypes in Canada suggests multiple introductions into the country including what has now become one dominant type, an important finding for Johne's disease control.
This level of genetic variation points toward multiple introductions, probably in combination with considerable intraregional gene flow and a significant population expansion as host density increased in new apple-growing regions.
A consequence of such ongoing risk of extinction is that long-term persistence is impossible in highly perturbed habitats unless multiple introductions are distributed in space to create a functional metapopulation.
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