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G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that can convert an extracellular signal into multiple intracellular signaling processes.
Because these molecules are upstream of multiple intracellular signaling pathways, however, current therapy is often accompanied by significant off-target effects and toxicity.
Environmental signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) are transmitted by cell surface receptors that connect to the actin cytoskeleton and to multiple intracellular signaling pathways.
The first G protein coupled receptor to be described on human neutrophils, formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1), is one such receptor that plays a significant role in the execution of these functions through multiple intracellular signaling pathways.
Multiple intracellular signaling pathways have been shown to regulate intracellular calcium levels.
It is still unclear how CD28SAs precisely activate the multiple intracellular signaling pathways at the level of the plasma membrane.
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Signalling by the FGFRs leads to the activation of multiple intracellular signalling pathways including the extracellular signalling-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) cascade and PI3K signalling (L'Hote and Knowles, 2005).
FAK, for example, activates multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways that modulate actin filament formation, turnover of cellular-ECM adhesion complexes, formation of lamellipodia, and expression of matrix metalloproteinases; all processes that are involved in tumor cell invasiveness and migration [17], [18], [19], [20].
α-Syn-induced microglia activation is likely to result in activation of multiple intracellular signalling pathways.
Active E-cadherin interacts with multiple intracellular signalling mechanisms and is involved in tissue morphogenesis, hPSC self-renewal [ 4] and hPSC mechanosensing of surface nanotopography [ 50].
S1P1 couples with the Gi family of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G-proteins) to activate multiple intracellular signalling pathways, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1,2 (ERK1,2) and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways.
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