Scenarios were designed to quantify the effects of interacting stressors on population renewal.
Multiple interacting systems can be designed with separation of concerns.
Our model framework may help water managers to assess and manage how these multiple environmental stressors interact and ultimately affect aquatic ecosystems.
In reality, animals are exposed to cocktails of chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and multiple environmental stressors, which can interact synergistically, additively or antagonistically [ 3].
Although no single 'silver bullet' cause for the declines was identified, climate change impacting early ocean rearing conditions, infectious disease, predators, and aquaculture were considered perhaps most important of proposed factors, with a strong recognition that multiple cumulative stressors, some which may interact, were likely involved.
Together, these findings emphasize that stream restoration strategies should consider interactive effects of multiple environmental stressors tailored to specific sites or site types – as opposed to considering a single stressor or multiple stressors separately.
The interactions between multiple stressors may directly or indirectly favor invasions and therewith biotic globalization [ 16].
Recently however, efforts to understand the links between multiple stressors and multiple health effects are rapidly increasing.
In particular, the interactive effects of multiple stressors is not well known.
In ecologic risk, modified consequences from interactive effects of multiple stressors are sometimes called "cascading impacts".
