Multiple insertion sequence (IS) elements, often involved in genome rearrangements, were identified in H. lacusprofundi and H. marismortui.
pKST313 encodes two class 1 integrons, various transposons, multiple insertion sequence (IS) elements, and multiple resistance cassettes (Fig. 4A and B).
It is notable that most of the newly identified Ss-LrpB binding sites that are directly bound, both in vitro and in vivo, are located in a highly variable region of the genome comprising multiple insertion sequence (IS) elements.
Presence of duplicated genes like rRNA operons, multiple transposons, insertion sequences, prophages and genomic islands leads to genome rearrangements in bacteria that contribute to evolution (Tillier and Collins [2000]; Klockgether et al. [2010]).
The MmmSC genome is larger than that of Mmc, mostly due to gene duplications, and the insertion of multiple copies of Insertion Sequences.
In fact, this phenomenon was demonstrated for the GR-541 plasmid that contains multiple copies of insertion sequences and other mobile genetic elements within its scaffold (14 ).
In addition to multiple transposases and insertion sequences, the megaplasmid identified in Rhizobium sp. NT-26 encodes a putative type IV secretion system known to be involved in conjugal DNA transfer, including between bacteria and plants.
In this example, the CodonLogo output was generated for a subsection (857 sequences) of a multiple alignment of insertion sequences from the IS407 family containing a site of programmed ribosomal frameshifting that differs among individual IS elements (Sharma et al., 2011).
This assay is based on the Brucella spp. specific multiple IS 711 insertion sequence and therefore shows great sensitivity [ 46].
For example, most bacteria harbor multiple classes of insertion sequence (IS) elements, which average about a kilobase in length and whose copy numbers are highly variable, sometimes reaching hundreds of copies per genome [ 7, 8].
