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Many countries have detected resistance to multiple insecticide classes (www.irmapper.com).
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The Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito, a major pest and vector of filariasis and arboviruses in the tropics, has developed multiple resistance mechanisms to the main insecticide classes currently available in public health.
Potential approaches include deployment of different insecticides in rotations or mosaics and development of novel insecticide classes [11], [12].
In this case several P450s could be up-regulated, which could produce cross-resistance to several insecticide classes including carbamates.
If insecticide resistance began to reduce the efficacy of the method we describe, the screens could be treated with different insecticide classes.
Insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector A. gambiae, M form, in VK is extremely high to all but the organophosphate and carbamate insecticide classes.
There is considerable evidence to suggest that the interaction of multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms or genes is responsible for the development of insecticide resistance [ 5, 7- 17].
We have identified multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from Martinique (French West Indies) significantly reducing the insecticidal activity of insecticides used for their control.
2 Many malaria vector species have acquired multiple insecticide resistance as they have been exposed to a battery of insecticides since the eradication era of the 1950s.
Another area of investigation will be to establish their patterns of cross-resistance to other insecticide classes.
However, the presence of ace-1 mutations in the population suggests that resistance to these insecticide classes could increase rapidly.
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