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We perform detailed bit-string simulations of viral evolution that consider large genome lengths and incorporate the key evolutionary processes underlying the genomic diversification of HIV-1 in infected individuals, namely, mutation, multiple infections of cells, recombination, selection, and epistatic interactions between multiple loci.
The multiplicity of infection (MOI) was adjusted to 0.2 0.3 to avoid multiple infections of a single cell.
A Pyrosequencing™ assay, based on SAG2 gene polymorphisms, was designed for genotyping and detection of multiple infections of Toxoplasma gondii.
We aimed to identify risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis using a case-control study design, utilising known information on persistent or multiple infections of porcine cysticercosis.
Evaluation of the clinical impact of multiple infections of the cervix by human papillomavirus, including human papillomavirus-16, compared with single human papillomavirus-16 infection.
That is, when polioviruses were irradiated with UV light and allowed to undergo multiple infections of host cells, viable progeny could be formed even at UV doses that inactivated the virus in single infections.
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Here, I studied whether hosts' induced defenses mediate dynamics of multiple infection of the fungal pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis, infecting Plantago lanceolata.
In performing this screen, MCF10A cells were purposefully infected with concentrated viral particles, in order to achieve multiple infection of the cells.
The frequency of multiple infection of human papillomavirus was highest in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion but was lowest in squamous cell carcinoma.
Multiple infection of a host may also directly affect the genetic diversity of the pathogen population, as co-infection is a prerequisite for genetic exchange between different pathogen species or strains.
In this context, it is interesting to note that our data suggest a double or multiple infection of the original host of wTei, of which not all Wolbachia strain(s) were transferred upon transinfection of D. simulans (Fig. 2).
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