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Only one of 100 1,000 cells are infected with cutaneous HPV types but the number of multiple infections is very high [ 26].
The observed prevalence of multiple infections is low in comparison with the results from studies from different countries [ 29- 35].
For a person with single genotype HR-HPV infection, n i = 1; while if a person has multiple HR-HPV genotype infections, n i > 1, and the clearance of these multiple infections is not independent.
Such precise allocation has not been done in the epidemiological studies reviewed here, and allocation to an individual HPV type in multiple infections is usually based on its frequency in single infections.
3 The risk of death from the four major childhood infectious diseases (pneumonia, diarrhoea, measles and malaria) is significantly higher for underweight children. 4 The risk for multiple infections is higher in underweight than in well-nourished children.
However, a role of multiple infections is evident in the PAFs, as the PAF of CIN 3+ for any HPV type (the regression model adjusted only for age) was lower than that for Group 1/2A HPV types (adjusted for age, Group 2B and Group 3 HPV types).
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Multiple infections were present in 92/2850 cases (3%) and no HPV infection was detected in 394/2850 cases (14%) (Table 1).
Nearly 40% of diarrhoeal cases showed evidence of two or more pathogens, suggesting that multiple infections are at play, while even among the apparently healthy children, many were found to have low levels of infection.
As expected from the high haplotype diversity, most of the DCV haplotypes in strains with multiple infections were unique.
Multiple infections are expected to reduce relatedness and have consequences for pathogen reproduction and virulence [47], [49].
In the base line model we do not assume any plasmid incompatibility and multiple infections are permitted.
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