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Table 1 shows the number of samples analysed and the number of infected plants by each of these five virus species, in single or multiple infection, in the 21 most frequently found plant species in three monitored habitats (see Methods) for the analysed period.
The coexistence of 2 or more HPV types was defined as multiple infection in this study.
Few studies have looked at multiple infection in plants (Maltby and Mihail 1997; Meijer and Leuchtmann 1999; Wille et al. 1999; Hood 2003; Koskella et al. 2006; López-Villavicencio et al. 2007) where host-mediated competition may be particularly important.
Infections are common with more than one strain of M. tuberculosis during the same episode (multiple infection), in different lesions (multiple infection) or during successive episodes (reinfection) in HIV-positive as well as -negative individuals [ 9].
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The second was Giardia intestinalis (G. intestinalis) with 28 (6.1%) pure and 21 (4.6%) with multiple infections, in total 49 (10.7%) infected children.
The third one was Entamoeba coli (E. coli) with 21(4.6%) pure and 15 (3.3%) multiple infections, in total 36 (7.9%) infected children.
The most common was Enterobius vermicularis (E. vermicularis) with 63 (13.8%) pure and 20 (4.4%) with multiple infections, in total 83 (18.2%) infected children.
A high concentration of infecting viral particles was used to obtain multiple infections in individual cells to specifically study the combined effect of multiple secreted proteins.
Theoretical models of multiple infections in which selection of parasites occurs thought competition for multiplication within host and for transmission among host have been studied [14].
The existence of multiple infections in the same animal suggests that pigs can be either infected simultaneously during a brief period either through one or multiple sources (i.e. food, water, environment, etc).
Our finding of one fungal isolate infected by two different viral lineages provides evidence that such multiple infections in C. parasitica may occur in populations where different viral lineages coexist.
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