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HIV is discussed a lot because this is the system where multiple infection has been demonstrated experimentally in the most detailed way.
Among the experimental systems, HIV has the advantage that multiple infection has been clearly demonstrated to occur and that it has been investigated in more detail than in other viruses.
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The ability of a parasite strain to establish and grow on its host may be drastically altered by simultaneous infection by other parasite strains, and dynamics under multiple infection have been suggested to be a major force driving pathogen evolution.
The problem with assigning causality on cases with multiple infections has been extensively discussed and several strategies to approach the problem have been proposed.18 However, none of these approaches are entirely satisfactory.
Among the 3% of cases with multiple infection, HPV16 was the most commonly occurring type, and all cases with multiple infections had at least one HR HPV type.
However, for simplicity of the model we considered only a single category xm that represented the pooled population of all cells with multiple infections having different proportions (plc, pln, phc, phn) of the four plasmids.
Multiple infections have not previously been reported in penile LS 15 but have been observed in up to 20% of penile SCCs.
Analysis of the recombinant DNAs that were recovered from the selected soft agar colonies revealed that both single and multiple infections had occurred.
DNA fingerprinting techniques such as Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units Variable Number Tandem repeats (MIRU VNTR) would help gauge whether multiple infections have contributed to the heteroresistance detected.
19 21 Although some T cell cross-reactivity between HCV genotypes has been described, 17 18 several small-scale studies in patients with evidence of multiple infections have shown lack of cross-reactivity of CD4+ T cell responses between genotypes.
In Algeria, the HPV16 in single- or multiple-type infection has been shown to be the predominant HPV type (61.4%) in ICC, followed by HPV18 (15.8%), and HPV45 (6.4%) [ 26].
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