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However, to date, most models of within-host dynamics do not explicitly account for variation in mobilized host resistance properties for multiple infection (but see, e.g., Alizon and van Baalen 2008; Mideo and Day 2008; Choisy and de Roode 2010), and empirical data on the role of immune responses mediating mixed infections are limited.
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The proportion of women with HPV16 who had borderline or mild cytology was increased by the presence of other HR-HPVs (Table 2; 28.3% for single infections and 45.3% for multiple infections), but the proportion with moderate or worse cytology was not (26.2% for single infections and 25.3% for multiple infections).
Furthermore, ever use of condoms had a borderline protective effect against single HPV infection but not against multiple infection.
The frequency of multiple infection of human papillomavirus was highest in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion but was lowest in squamous cell carcinoma.
TB is unusual in having multiple infection sites.
Among the 3% of cases with multiple infection, HPV16 was the most commonly occurring type, and all cases with multiple infections had at least one HR HPV type.
Lore, N. I. et al. Cystic fibrosis-niche adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa reduces virulence in multiple infection hosts.
Fels, D., Vignon, M. & Kaltz, O. Ecological and genetic determinants of multiple infection and aggregation in a microbial host-parasite system.
No case of multiple infection implicating influenza and another agent was detected.
PBMCs were obtained from UPENN immunology core from de-identified different donors for multiple infection studies.
Age-structured models require multiple infection rates, to which Anderson and May [18] referred collectively as "who-acquires-infection-from-whom".
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