Multiple independent studies would eventually demonstrate that there is no link between M.M.R. and autism, and Dr. Wakefield's work has been widely discredited.
Among surveys and reviews, most syntheses of multiple, independent studies were either entirely qualitative or used overly simplistic approaches to data aggregation.
But, when a system is broken, as has been shown for postdocs in multiple independent studies, how should one go about fixing the "it"?
Table 3 Absorbed radiation dose estimates for 64 Cu-MM-302 based on mouse and monkey kidney micro-dosimetry Kidney sub-region Mouse (mSv/MBq) Squirrel monkey (mSv/MBq) Papillae 0.11 0.22 Pelvis 0.61 0.65 Medulla 0.05 0.16 Cortex 0.04 0.15 Total kidney 0.07 0.17. Figure 2c summarizes the results of multiple independent studies in which mice (n = 15) were imaged following injection with 64Cu-MM-302.
Multiple independent studies have shown an identical pattern of higher risk estimates for serrated (hyperplastic) polyps than for adenomas [16], [17], [19] in long-term and current smokers.
Multiple independent studies have also confirmed the role of non-coding regions on 8q24 in susceptibility to prostate cancer [2], [33].
When the E. coli RNA polymerase was initially isolated and characterized, multiple, independent studies reported self-association of RNA polymerase in vitro [4] [8].
For the haplotypes that we have used here, such a robust association has been established in multiple independent studies [20], [21], [30] [38], and was confirmed in our dataset.
These observations were confirmed by multiple independent studies.
Differences of age-dependent methylation have been observed in multiple independent studies [ 41– 41].
Reliability and validity are established in science by replication of findings in multiple independent studies.
