This uncouples the properties of coating and silencing by Xist RNA and also demonstrates that Xist RNA is likely to have multiple, possibly independent, roles in gene silencing and heterochromatin formation of the Xi.
However, there is increasing evidence that multiple independent pathways may have roles in FH-associated oncogenesis as a consequence of fumarate acting as an oncometabolite (Yang et al., 2012).
This new model is consistent with parallel Society Island studies that have uncovered a role for multiple independent colonizations in the evolution of Tahiti's endemic biota [ 53].
The essentially random integration of retroviral DNA, and the fact that Int6 was mutated in virtually the same way in multiple independent tumors, suggests its potential role in malignant transformation.
Multiple independent studies have also confirmed the role of non-coding regions on 8q24 in susceptibility to prostate cancer [2], [33].
By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.
This must be interpreted as evidence for multiple independent cooptions of HECT proteins to perform similar roles in the TGF-β pathway.
In plants, MADS domain transcription factors have diversified extensively after multiple independent duplication events, and they now play important roles in many aspects of development [ 2, 5, 6].
"However, multiple independent oversight mechanisms already exist which perform this role," he said, citing the inspector-general of intelligence and security, the Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity, and joint parliamentary committees.
Understanding the selective factors that have led to multiple independent duplications events in the Nme family and the role of these proteins in non-vertebrate species would provide major insights into the evolution and functions of the family.
