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Overall, 22.97% of women and 29.88% of men had either smoking or body mass index imputed by multiple imputation (data were not imputed for ethnicity all patients with missing ethnicity were treated as white/not recorded).
We performed all analyses twice including missing information as separate categories in the covariates and also by imputing missing information with multiple imputation (data not shown), showing no substantial difference in results.
Multiple imputation data.
We will generate five multiple imputation data sets.
We repeated the analyses using the multiple imputation data sets.
In both the original analysis and that using multiple imputation data, the ICT-TB test did not significantly add to the clinical predictors (P = 0.07).
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These include regression calibration, simulation extrapolation, Bayesian approaches (Carroll et al. 1995; Gustafson 2004), and computational statistical approaches (e.g., multiple imputations, data augmentation, and expectation maximization algorithms).
Missing data was handled using multiple imputation with imputed data generated using a sequential regression imputation method via the software package IVEware [ 31].
To complete missing outcome and covariate data, we carried out multiple imputation by data augmentation [ 39] using SAS® V9.2 PROC MI.
Multiple imputation (using data from ABC patients only) was used to impute three values for each missing data point.
b) We address missing data at single measurements of a repeated measurement study by using the multiple imputation and data augmentation techniques.
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