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These missing data were imputed using multiple imputation based on the observed responses.
Missing data was reconstructed by a multiple imputation based on several personal characteristics, which were investigated by means of a questionnaire before the curricular unit.
Afterwards, missing values were replaced by a multiple imputation based on expectation maximization (EM) algorithm with the statistical software NORM 2.03 [ 19].
To obtain statistically valid estimates of the true event rates that account for those missing data we used multiple imputation, based on Rubin's method [ 5].
However, the results obtained after multiple imputation based on the parsimonious model were surprisingly similar to those obtained with the full model, even in presence of scarce data for the CES-D scale.
Post hoc survey adjustments (such as weighting or multiple imputation) based solely on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are often insufficient to account for health-related differences between respondents and nonrespondents (49, 50) and may generate results that remain divergent from population-representative health outcomes.
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Missing values on baseline variables were imputed by multiple imputations based on fully conditional specifications with five chained iterations.
These will include an analysis based on Last Observation Carried Forward imputation, as well as multiple imputations based on differential patterns of drop out/missing data reasons.
Alternatively, one could draw multiple imputations based on observed distributions of the covariates and outcomes in the derivation dataset, and apply the same set of imputation models to the validation dataset (approach V2 in Table 7).
In phases 5 and 7, we applied multiple multivariate imputation based on sex, age, occupational grade, and social support or network score at the preceding phase to impute missing values for social support and network score.
In a second step, missing data will be imputed using multiple imputation techniques; based on this imputed dataset, we will conduct a sensitivity analysis (all case analysis).
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