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Multiple immune mechanisms including CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and antibodies contribute to the control of latency and preventing recrudescence of lytic virus [6], [16], [17].
Using antigens from various pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis), the researchers demonstrated the versatility of the MAPS system and its feasibility for the design of unique defined-structure subunit vaccines to confer comprehensive protection via multiple immune mechanisms.
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Lungs in particular are highly sensitive to injury, during the transplantation process generally, and to multiple immune rejection mechanisms.
Critical concepts are that both the mother and the fetus contribute to successful pregnancy, that multiple immune evasion mechanisms are employed, and that adaptations to permit internalization of the fetus are initiated prior to and concurrently with implantation.
However, the most commonly used transplantation models do not reflect the normal tumor progression in humans, where tumors arise most often through a premalignant state over a longer period of time allowing for multiple immune escape mechanisms and immune editing [ 28].
In the airways, multiple innate immune mechanisms have evolved to rapidly kill, expel, or engulf bacteria.
This approach may provide a basis for new strategies to safely improve vaccine efficacy against metastatic cancer through augmentation of multiple innate and adaptive immune mechanisms.
Indeed, a review of the literature regarding immune mechanisms of multiple sclerosis and EAE showed that these cytokines play an important role in progression of EAE disease.
Multiple immune and non-immune-mediated mechanisms cause anaemia during and after a malarial episode, 12 including the destruction of non-parasitised erythrocytes, which may account for more than 90% of erythrocyte loss.
The reason for this differential susceptibility is poorly understood and probably involves multiple innate as well as acquired immune mechanisms.
Mouse studies have helped us to uncover the underlying inflammatory mechanisms (mediated by multiple immune cell types that produce Th1, Th2 or Th17 cytokines) and non-inflammatory pathways, in addition to shedding light on asthma that is associated with obesity or steroid unresponsiveness.
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