In addition, reports of serogroup O157 isolates as ETEC [ 9] and EPEC [ 10, 11] is indicative of a wider evolutionary range of pathogenic E. coli O157, sourced from multiple hosts including humans, pigs and cattle.
Loss of the third replicon, pC3 (a non-essential megaplasmid associated with several virulence determinants), results in highly attenuated infection in multiple hosts, including zebrafish embryos (Agnoli et al., 2012; Agnoli et al., 2014).
Infection with C. jejuni can be acquired from consumption of contaminated food as well as through direct and indirect contact with animal faeces and has multiple hosts including poultry, ruminants and wild birds [ 4, 5].
Experimental transmission studies have shown that the parasite readily infects multiple nonrodent hosts including dogs, rabbits, lambs, and cats (3).
It is noteworthy that outcome of the interaction between immune system and Mtb is shaped by multiple host factors, including age, diet, body mass index, genetic makeup, other chronic diseases or co-infections and exposure to environmental mycobacteria [65].
These researchers also showed that the polyanionic molecule required for prion formation was selectively incorporated into high-affinity complexes with PrP molecules, leading them to hypothesize that infectious prions may be composed of multiple host components, including PrP, lipid, and polyanionic molecules, rather than PrPSc alone.
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) causes a variety of serious diseases in multiple host species, including humans and cattle.
The management of many pathogens, which are of concern to humans and their livestock, is complicated by the pathogens' ability to cross-infect multiple host species, including wildlife.
Wolbachia infection is shown to affect the expression of multiple host genes, including Ance.
There are currently six recognized species of Giardia, but only Giardia duodenalis is known to infect multiple host species, including humans [ 13, 14].
Taken together, these findings suggest that host restriction of RNA virus replication in LD652 cells is mediated by multiple host factors including those involved in RNAi-, NF-κB, and Ub-related pathways.
