Adenovirus cell entry requires interactions of multiple host cell receptors with distinct virus capsid proteins.
Many viruses initiate infection through a multistep process involving multiple host cell receptor proteins (for review, see Grove and Marsh, 2011).
1 Synthetic immunostimulatory oligonucleotides such as double-stranded RNA or unmethylated cytosine guanosine motifs (CpG-ODNs) mimic molecular signatures of pathogens (viruses or bacteria, respectively) and trigger an immunostimulatory cascade including maturation, differentiation and proliferation of multiple host immune cells through pattern recognition receptors.
Based on pharmacological inhibitor experiments, it was also reported that multiple host protein kinases, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and heterotrimeric G proteins may also play a role in epithelial cell invasion by C. jejuni [ 11, 21, 30].
Pig respiratory tracts have receptors for swine-, humand, avian-origininfluenzauenza virus A, which facilitates genomic reassortment among viruses from multiple host species.
In particular, a spectrum of AAV capsid interactions with host receptors have been identified and characterized.
Adhesion to host receptors was determined by measuring binding to purified receptors coated onto Petri dishes.
NO is involved in multiple host processes such as neurotransmission, vasodilation, host defense, and inflammation [22], [23].
Here we evaluated the involvement of a putative chitin receptor gene in the basal resistance of barley to the ssd1 mutant of Magnaporthe oryzae, which induces multiple host defense responses.
The fimbriae serve as adhesins to host receptors.
