However, they collected data on a larger spatial scale potentially involving multiple host and parasite populations.
Moreover, IL-2 engineered cells lost their tumorigenicity into nu/nu mice and the mechanism of rejection appeared to involve multiple host effector cell populations, among which a prominent role was played by neutrophils and radiosensitive cells.
Similarly, clinical cancers can be viewed as ecosystems containing both evolving cancer cell populations and multiple host components including mesenchymal and immune cells, blood and lymphatic vessels, and extracellular matrices (Michelson et al. 1987; Gatenby 1991; Pienta et al. 2008).
The presence in a population of multiple host resistance alleles confronting multiple parasite virulence alleles may reflect a dynamic equilibrium permissive for the persistence of both parties.
The two populations also shared several haplotypes for all genes analysed suggesting that the switch to potatoes resulted in a large founder population and/or multiple host expansions occurred.
In summary, one cannot expect that short-term rates of nucleotide substitution inferred from sequences sampled over 30 years from an individual host species can fully recapture the complex long-term evolutionary dynamics of geographically sub-divided viral populations that infect multiple host species.
In the host, frequent co-infections may lead to heterozygote superiority against multiple pathogens and contribute to the persistence in host populations of alleles conferring susceptibility to disease [10].
In particular, lower latitude regions where populations persisted through multiple glacial cycles (that is, glacial refugia), often host populations with higher genetic diversity than those in areas that were recolonized (for example, [ 14, 15]).
While it has been shown experimentally that host-parasite coevolution can select for biparental sex in mixed mating populations [ 3], and that host recombination rates can increase during coevolution [ 4, 5], it is uncertain to what extent multiple matings play a role in maintaining genetic variation in host populations under parasite pressure.
