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High Wolbachia sequence diversity and the association of Wolbachia with multiple host haplotypes suggest that different Wolbachia strains infected G. f. fuscipes multiple times independently.
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The two populations also shared several haplotypes for all genes analysed suggesting that the switch to potatoes resulted in a large founder population and/or multiple host expansions occurred.
Thus, these host haplotypes become common or fixed (selective sweep).
To understand geographic relationships between host haplotypes and Wolbachia infection, we compared host mtDNA haplotypes and Wolbachia infection status.
We find wGff associated with the most common host mtDNA haplotypes, but these host haplotypes are not widespread.
Most of the flies screened for Wolbachia had mtDNA haplotypes found in the sites with mixed host haplotypes.
In G. f. fuscipes, wGff are associated with at least 26 host mtDNA haplotypes with only 15 of these host haplotypes carrying the observed wGff sequence diversity.
GroEL sequences from Group 1 are associated with all sampled host haplotypes, and thus, both host mtDNA haplogroups.
In contrast, only 3 clusters came from multiple host species.
Phenazines have diverse effects on eukaryotic hosts and host tissues, including the modification of multiple host cellular responses.
First, a location query can be answered by multiple hosts.
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