Models adjusted for: multiple gestation, maternal diabetes, infant gender, size for GA, congenital anomalies, need for resuscitation at birth, induced delivery, caesarean section delivery, primiparous, maternal age group, rural residence and breastfeeding initiation.
Exclusion criteria were: patients in labour or with ruptured membranes; those with multiple gestations, coagulopathy, diabetes, or any pregnancy-induced hypertension including preeclampsia; and those receiving β-tocolytic drugs.
a Determined using covariates gestational age, gender, multiple gestation status, maternal race, maternal cigarette smoking, GHP, pre-existing and gestational diabetes, maternal illicit drug use, previous pregnancies, and inborn status.
24 29 38 39 The collaborating centres provided information on maternal and pregnancy characteristics of the study populations including age, parity, smoking at registration and/or during pregnancy, ethnicity, overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25.00 kg/m), diabetes, chronic hypertension, multiple gestation, induction of labour, mode of delivery and gestational age.
7 We evaluated the effect of well known risk factors as potential confounders and effect modifiers including multiple gestations, maternal age, diabetes, body mass index, and time trends in incidence or diagnosis of pre-eclampsia.
Exclusion criteria were gestational age < 37 wks, <span class="lh">multiple gestation, fetal distress, preeclampsia, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.
Exclusion criteria were: 1) current use of medications that could influence glucose tolerance, 2) multiple gestation, 3) history of diagnosis of diabetes prior to pregnancy, hypertension, heart disease or chronic renal disease, and 4) age <16 years or > 40 years.
Around 33 weeks of gestation, study staff call potential participants to describe the study and administer a pre-screening questionnaire asking about moving, pregnancy and infant feeding plans using a standardized scale [ 69, 70], as well as other eligibility criteria (e.g. pre-existing diabetes, singleton vs. multiple gestation).
15 16 For example, most randomised trials on the efficiency and side effects of tocolytic drugs have generally been restricted to well defined (low risk) populations, excluding women with multiple gestation, preterm rupture of membranes, vaginal bleeding, diabetes, or a history of cardiovascular diseases.
Exclusions were multiple gestation, hypertriglyceridemia (fasting TG >400 mg/dL), suspected overt diabetes (hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5), smoker, or likely to fail diet (fasting glucose >110 mg/dL (6)).
