Multiple functional genetic tools have been developed for P. hawaiensis, including gene knockdown by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and morpholinos (63 65), stable germ line transgenesis (66), inducible gene overexpression (67), site-directed insertions and enhancer trapping (68).
Considering that genetic susceptibility for complex diseases such as T2DM is caused by multiple genetic variants, predictive tools based on information from a single genetic polymorphism will be of limited value [9].
Because of its rich PA composition and the multiple genetic and genomic tools available for this species, such as the whole genome sequence [ 11, 12], grape could represent also an interesting model for PA genetic study.
Two variants of C. jejuni NCTC11168 were shown to be considerably different in virulence-associated phenotypes, including colonization, invasion, translocation, and motility, but no obvious genetic differences were found between them by multiple molecular genetics tools.
Typically, combinatorial pharmacogenetic decision support tools use algorithms to integrate multiple genetic variants and assemble the results into an easily interpretable report to guide prescribing of antidepressants and other psychotropic medications.
The essential assumption in the use of all three tools is that, in complex diseases, multiple genetic influences converge on a single phenotype.
Metabolic engineering requires functional genetic tools for easy and quick generation of multiple pathway variants.
They thought that the lack of genetic tools for fine-tuning the expression of multiple genes is the bottleneck in production of terpenoids in B. subtilis.
Therefore, more tools are in need to analyze complex and multiple genetic factors.
The small organic molecules he uses are complementary to genetic tools, because such compounds act rapidly and conditionally, can target multiple paralogous proteins simultaneously, and can be readily combined for multi-dimensional manipulations of biochemical networks.
