The increasing number of examples of multiple genetic perturbations combining to confer high levels of resistance [23], [24], however, suggests that mutations of even mild individual benefit are of potential clinical relevance.
Characterizing multiple genetic perturbations would become exponentially complicated.
Various computational approaches, based on reconstructed genome-scale metabolic networks, have been also developed in Refs. [ 7- 10], in order to identify the synergistic effects triggered by multiple drugs or multiple genetic perturbations (for example the so-called "synthetic lethality").
Such culture systems are optimally suitable for the exploration of pathogenic events within a context of manageable complexity that can be subjected to multiple genetic, pharmacological, toxicological, or physical perturbations.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07423.021 Through the use of multiple genetic mutants and genetic and mechanical perturbations of wings, we find that both wings and wing movements are necessary for teaching ability.
The development and progression of lung cancer is a multi-step process characterized by the accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, that results in perturbations of cell-regulatory and growth-control pathways [ 1, 2].
In addition, genetic perturbations can be propagated for multiple generations before a comparison is made between the baseline condition of the regulatory network (wild-type cell) and its perturbed state (deleted or overexpressed factor).
Thus, functional perturbations in multiple molecules, caused by multiple genetic and/or epigenetic alterations, affect multiple metabolic and signal transduction pathways and the combinatorial effect ultimately determines cancer cell survival.
In the normal environment, multiple genetic defects are often required to elicit altered behavior 10, demonstrating robustness against genetic perturbations.
Our data indicate that subtle variations in neural connectivity associated with naturally occurring genetic perturbations may affect phenotypic variation in olfactory behavior to multiple chemically diverse odorants.
Multiple groups have assayed the drug susceptibility of bacteria containing families of simple genetic perturbations such as single gene deletions or transposon insertions [18], [19], [20], [21], [22].
