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Our results provide evidence for multiple genetic effects that may not be detected using single SNP analysis.
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In traditional statistical genetic models, epistasis describes the multiple locus genetic effects that cannot be explained by additivity and dominance [ 31].
However, it now seems likely that treatment response is a complex trait that is not determined by a single genetic variant, but results from multiple interacting genetic effects.
This is applicable to any analysis fitting multiple, correlated genetic effects, whether effects for individual traits or sets of random regression coefficients to model trajectories.
When including all phenotype data from the F2-F8 generathensegmentsegment containing Growth9 had a complex QTL profile indicating multiple independent genetic effects.
The study by Wei and colleagues [ 34] is consistent with the above studies in providing evidence for multiple independent genetic effects at the SLC2A9 locus; using conditional analysis, they found direct evidence for five independent genetic effects.
Inherited mutations in high-risk genes are involved in only a small proportion of breast cancers, but a substantial component of breast cancer risk may be determined by the sum of multiple smaller genetic effects.
For these reasons we cannot be certain of the size of the genetic effect until the entire gene has been extensively investigated by re-sequencing and identification of all potential functional variants; either there is a small effect across the entire sample (consistent with multiple additive genetic effects) or a large effect in a subset of samples (consistent with genetic heterogeneity).
The approach proposed in [ 10] can only study the marginal effects of genes, whereas cancer development is associated with the joint effects of multiple genetic defects.
In addition, unlike simple Mendelian diseases, development and progression of cancer are affected by the joint effects of multiple genetic defects.
AMD is a disease with complex inheritance patterns, and it may be difficult to discover individual susceptibility genes due to multiple genetic and environmental effects and interactions.
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