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Despite previous observations of multiple genetic abnormalities in cSCC, the oncogenic process remains elusive.
NOD mice, known for their susceptibility to autoimmune insulin dependent diabetes mellitus have multiple genetic abnormalities (Leiter, 1993).
Multiple genetic abnormalities have been identified in mesothelioma, and a variety of genetic manipulation strategies have been employed in preclinical studies.
Additionally to sequential event models, large scale analysis of genomes from patient's tumors have shown that multiple genetic abnormalities can promote the development of one cancer entity [ 4].
Multiple genetic abnormalities have been described in multiple myeloma (MM), including numerical abnormalities and structural changes such as translocations, duplications, inversions, and amplifications.
Development of LC, which can be separated roughly into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), involves multiple genetic abnormalities.
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The relatively complex karyotypes seen in all lesions from most cases argue that the seeding of tumour cells is a late event that succeeds the acquisition by them of multiple secondary genetic abnormalities.
Despite the multiple accumulated genetic abnormalities that cause malignant transformation, however, it is evident that some of the transformed cells can still respond to signals from their external environment.
While somatic genetic alterations in the tumor are the primary determinant of response to targeted therapy, multiple somatic genetic abnormalities are present in each tumor so both finding the critical mutations and proving that these were in fact driving tumorigenesis was and remains challenging.
Molecular genetic studies of lung cancer have revealed that clinically evident lung cancers have multiple genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, including DNA sequence alterations, copy number changes, and aberrant promoter hypermethylation.
Colorectal cancer has usually been viewed as a homogeneous entity rather than a complex heterogeneous disease developing through multiple genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, such as defective DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) [ 2, 3].
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several genetic abnormalities
multiple reproductive abnormalities
multiple genetic loci
multiple genetic variants
multiple metabolic abnormalities
multiple genetic models
multiple genetic components
multiple anatomic abnormalities
multiple genetic differences
multiple genetic screens
multiple genetic factors
multiple genetic traits
multiple systemic abnormalities
multiple genetic circuits
multiple genetic perturbations
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