However, the expression, assembly, retraction, and modification of pili is complex and is dependent upon the coordinated expression of multiple genes, such that an increase in the expression of any one of these genes, even pilE, cannot be directly interpreted to specifically indicate a change in pilus abundance.
It is known that SpA is associated with multiple genes, such as HLA-B27, TNF and IL23R [ 2].
In addition, miR-663 targets the expression of multiple genes, such as TGFβ1, p21, H-ras, eEF1 and HSPG2, to regulate cancer cell proliferation and chemotherapy resistance.
To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the OSVZ, it would be useful if multiple genes, such as GFP plus genes of interest, could be co-transfected in progenitor cells of ferrets.
In mouse eye development, miR-204 has been linked to the transcription factor Pax6, as Pax6 directly upregulates miR-204 in order to repress multiple genes, such as Sox2, Sox9 and Sox11 (Conte et al., 2010; Shaham et al., 2013).
In this report, multiple genes such as minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, as well as Orc1 (Origin Recognition Complex largest subunit) are significantly down-regulated.
Abnormal activation of FoxM1 leads to overexpression of multiple angiogenic genes, such as MMP-2, Cav-1, ZEB1 and ZEB2, which result in overexpression of multiple pro-invasion and -metastasis molecules [ 28, 33– 33].
The reason why different ubiquitin isogenes were extracted in the above listed best reference genes could be explained by the idea that most ubiquitously expressed genes showed divergent expressions and a combination of multiple genes minimized such divergence.
Complex traits including human altruism are molded by both environment and multiple genes and such phenotypes pose special challenges for genetic analysis due to gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, genetic heterogeneity, low penetrance, and limited statistical power [60].
Due to the involvement of multiple genes in such systems, there is a potential for genetic interactions among members of these pathways and among members of other pathways in the cell that have similar/overlapping functions.
However, our results suggest that at least three backcrosses are essential to recover the phenotype of the recurrent parent if multiple resistance genes such as Xa4, xa5 and Xa21 are transferred from an indica cultivar into a japonica cultivar for broad-spectrum BB resistance.
