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A multiplicative model for risks, appropriate for rare diseases, assumes that the multiple genes contribute to a genetic risk score, assumed to be approximately normally distributed in the population, risk being related to this genetic risk score via a log-link function.
It is hoped that future genetic and neurobiological studies will provide better insight into how multiple genes contribute to the common epilepsies.
This mutational robustness could arise either due to redundancy, i.e. direct backup, or due to distributed architecture, i.e. indirect backup where multiple genes contribute to the functioning of a process in the system.
If we consider the genetic regulation of the immune response, multiple genes contribute to the response to any pathogen - some acting as positive and others as negative regulators [5] (Figure 1).
This finding may be particularly relevant to consideration of SP4 as a candidate susceptibility gene for psychiatric disorders, as considerable evidence suggests that hypomorphic alleles, instead of loss of function, of multiple genes contribute to the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders [44].
It should be noted that we did not expect Zea m 1 production or even the Zea m 1d isoform, to be completely eliminated in the pollen from expb1/expb1 plants because multiple genes contribute to the Zea m 1 pool and recent evidence indicates that additional genes highly similar to EXPB1 (>98.8% nucleotide sequence identity) also code for the same isoform [19], [21].
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The absence of an increased burden of smaller CNVs in individuals with autism and the failure of most large hotspots to refine to single genes is consistent with a model where imbalance of multiple genes contributes to a disease state.
Recent years, multiple genes contributing to abiotic stress responses in rice were identified by using genetics, reverse genetics, and molecular biology method.
1/ MS is a complex genetic disease with multiple genes contributing with probably modest effects to disease susceptibility.
While the involvement of single gene mutations in individual autism cases cannot be excluded, the concept of a complex genetic model with multiple genes contributing to disease susceptibility remains highly plausible for the majority of cases [10].
Multiple genes contributing to mammalian folliculogenesis have been identified in mouse knockout study [ 56].
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