152– 155 Tumors which are sufficiently genetically unstable to develop one gene amplification have increased probability of developing multiple gene amplifications.
This study details the comprehensive genomic organization of mGBPs and suggests that a continuously changing microbial environment has exerted evolutionary pressure on this gene family leading to multiple gene amplifications.
Patient #1 and Patient #2 demonstrated direct alterations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway (PTEN loss and PIK3CA mutation, respectively) in addition to multiple gene amplifications and additional rearrangements or mutations.
We found that increased Yes-associated protein levels in hepatocellular carcinoma are due to multiple mechanisms including gene amplification and transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation.
The high overexpression of c-erbB-2 in tumor cells [ 19] results from multiple mechanisms, including gene amplification and transcription modulation [ 20- 22].
These pathways are among the best characterized in cancer biology, involve a network of protein and lipid kinases working in concert to regulate diverse biological outputs, and can be activated by multiple mechanisms including gene amplification and somatic mutation.
In the search for which patients will benefit from anti-EGFR therapy, multiple studies investigating EGFR gene amplification have been performed.
The combination of 16S rRNA gene amplification using multiple primer sets and the subsequent sequencing of the PCR products by Roche 454 pyrosequencing should therefore be a powerful method to assess the diversity of the microbiota in the GI tract of common carp.
These tumours exhibit high degree of aneuploidy, gene amplification, and multiple unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements.
Tumorigenesis often requires multiple gene mutations including activation or amplification of oncogenes, increased growth factors and their receptors, and/or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes.
