Cytokinin signaling contributes to the regulation of multiple fundamental processes active in plant development.
Phosphorylation of the receptor results in downstream signalling via several well known kinases (PI3K, FAK, Akt, RHOA, MEK, Src family- and MAP-kinases), influencing multiple fundamental processes such as cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, invasion and metastasis.
Kinesin motor proteins are ubiquitously involved in multiple fundamental cellular processes, coordinating transport and mediating changes to cellular architecture.
Cell-to-cell fusion is involved in multiple fundamental biological processes.
Given the pivotal role of mTOR in maintaining cellular and organismal homeostasis by controlling multiple fundamental biological processes, perturbing the balance in mTOR signaling might be key to better understanding the Aβ-related impairment in signaling involved in the synaptic dysfunction that characterizes AD.
Autophagy participates in multiple fundamental physiological processes, including survival, differentiation, development, and cellular homeostasis.
Chromatin acetylation impacts multiple fundamental cellular processes, and its dysregulation has been linked to a variety of disease states, notably various cancers (Dawson and Kouzarides, 2012).
Met is a metabolic precursor for multiple fundamental cellular processes [ 3- 8], while Thr, through its conversion into Ile, participates plant pathogen interactions [ 9, 10] and cellular energy production [ 11].
Considering the critical role of AMPARs in the central nerve system function and neurobiological diseases, regulation of their dynamical trafficking by S-palmitoylation also serves as a predominant determinant of multiple fundamental brain functions and pathological process.
The high degree of conservation of miRNAs across species, combined with their ability to target multiple genes, make them a likely regulator in fundamental processes, such as the ability to regenerate neural pathways in the CNS [ 10, 11].
If significant numbers of genes are transferred into gene flows for each of these four fundamental processes, then it is statistically highly unlikely that they were transferred by multiple independent LGT events.
