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Because multiple forwarding nodes may be awake at the same time, duplicate packets will be generated whether forwarding nodes transmit the same packet to their next nodes or return the ACK to the sender.
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This is due to multiple forwarding data packets through nodes.
In this protocol, each sender has multiple candidate forwarding nodes and each forwarding nodes has the chance to receive the packet when the sender has data to transmit.
The general characteristic of such routing methods is as follows: the selection of relay node is based on the composite values of multiple performance indexes, and the forwarding nodes with high integrated value will be selected as relay nodes.
The nodes in the decoding forwarding set are called decoding forwarding nodes.
Apparently, if destinations are not the decoding nodes, there is no forwarding set which contains both forwarding nodes and decoding forwarding nodes.
Thus, selecting the right forwarding nodes can effectively reduce delay.
Other nodes in this circle have the chance to become the forwarding nodes of the sender.
Hence, the forwarding nodes are selected based on the highest residual energy among the nodes.
With OR, a transmitter has multiple forwarding candidates in its Candidate Relay Set (CRS).
In this protocol, the forwarding decisions depend on the expected number of nodes toward the sink and also the queuing delay in the forwarding nodes [22].
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