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These bundles with average diameters of 32.3 ± 1.6 nm were highly ordered through multiple filaments with widths of approximately 6.1 ± 0.3 nm (Fig. 4D H), which is different from the twisted filaments observed in the Magnetospirillum MamK bundles (Sonkaria et al., 2012; Taoka et al., 2007).
Unlike its Magnetospirillum counterparts, which form a single magnetosome chain, or other bacterial actins such as MreB and ParM, the polymerized MamK from Mcas is independent of metal ions and nucleotides except for ATP, and is assembled into well-ordered filamentous bundles consisted of multiple filaments.
Then there is an apparently new form of cover, little ribbon-like strips that are composed of multiple filaments.
The precise role, if any, of such filaments is unknown, although NS1 'tubules' made up of multiple filaments were proposed to be involved in cooperatively binding dsRNA [27].
The non-linear stiffening, while observed in many biological systems [8], [9], is not fully understood yet, with theories focusing on one of two broad mechanisms: (i) microstructural nonlinearities of individual filaments [8], and (ii) collective non-affine deformations of multiple filaments [10], [11].
Furthermore, in the case of filamentous fungi, elements of a multiply-cut filament were indistinguishable from single cuts of multiple filaments.
Finally, and wonderfully, on the upper arms and upper legs are preserved multiple filaments all coming out of a single central point.
In vitro, MamK polymerized into well-ordered filaments comprised of multiple filaments in an ATP-dependent manner.
