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However, large population studies controlling for multiple exposure measures in high-density settings with established commuter patterns are lacking.
Prospective studies with multiple exposure measures and information on susceptible factors such as cigarette smoking at the individual level are needed.
Multiple exposure measures will be collected on a cohort of 100,000 children, and the results will enable risk assessors to more accurately assess children's cumulative exposure to a broad range of environmental stressors (Barr et al. 2005; Needham et al. 2005b).
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Structural equation models proved to be very useful in the analysis of these data with multiple exposures measured at different time points and a multivariate outcome.
Time-integrated multiple childhood exposure measures prenatally and prepubertally may be possible in alternate study designs.
Strengths of this study include the availability of multiple arsenic exposure measures to study long-term and recent changes of exposure, the prospective nature of the longitudinal analysis, the random assignment of antioxidant treatments, and the large variation in exposure level in the study population.
Second, the present study involves multiple exposure and outcome measures, and the resulting larger number of statistical tests may have yielded spurious associations.
In addition, some recent studies have suggested that distributed lag models (DLMs) that allow differential PM mortality effects spread over multiple days may be preferable to single-day or multiple-day moving average PM exposure measures (Schwartz 2000; Smith et al. 2000).
These analyses demonstrate multiple relationships between job physical exposure measures and psychosocial outcomes after adjustment for age, BMI, and gender.
We compare the proposed methods with commonly used statistical approaches such as fitting separate regression models for each potential window and fitting simultaneously adjusted multiple regressions that include all exposure measures (time windows) in one model.
SCOS measurements can be performed in two different ways with equivalent results: one fixing an exposure time and measuring the speckle contrast at different distances from the source and the other measuring at multiple exposure times [ 11] with a fixed source-detector distance.
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