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This, in addition to the demonstration that multiple enhancer SNPs can act in combination to impact gene expression, suggests that epistatic effects between noncoding variants may play a particularly important role for enhancer loci, especially when enhancer variants of the same gene are inherited independently.
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Enhancers have been shown to overlap multiple linked SNPs more often than expected at random [ 3, 10], suggesting that multiple enhancer variants work together in concert to alter gene expression and contribute to disease susceptibility.
This super-enhancer comprises multiple enhancer modules with selective activity that recruits a compendium of transcription factors, including GFI1b, RUNX1 and MYB.
A recent study showed that multiple enhancer variants cooperatively contribute to alter the expression of their gene targets58.
Lastly, genes are frequently regulated by multiple enhancer elements or clusters of enhancer elements.
Similarly, 663 enhancer SNPs were identified for 77 prostate risk loci [ 6].
This was observed in a survey of enhancer SNPs associated with prostate cancer.
Further studies have identified multiple enhancer elements involved in this regulation [ 8- 11].
In these instances, several variants distributed among multiple enhancers throughout the locus, rather than a single SNP, may combine to affect expression of their gene targets and confer susceptibility to common traits.
Each promoter may have multiple enhancer-promoter interactions, and thus may have more than one type of interactions.
Hu, G., Codina, M. & Fisher, S. Multiple enhancers associated with ACAN suggest highly redundant transcriptional regulation in cartilage.
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