There are many challenges in smart grid, such as the increasing gap of peak and valley load, the increasing uncertainty of sources and loads and the multiple energy carriers' conversion needs in the energy internet.
A microgrid refers to an independent and autonomous system consisting of multiple distributed generators, energy storages, energy conversion devices, loads, monitors and protection devices.
Since a microgrid integrates multiple distributed generations, energy storages, energy conversion devices and loads, the coordination control strategy of those components is of great importance [92].
Compared with the traditional power system, the microgrid or distributed power plant, which integrates a variety of energy inputs, multiple load characteristics, and varied energy conversion technologies, is a nonlinear and complex system with inter-coupling of chemical energy, thermodynamics and electrodynamics.
Attempts have been made to study the optimal power flow of multiple energy carriers covering transmission and conversion of energy [5, 21, 22, 23].
Within the energy system, multiple energy sources are considered and various power conversion technologies are applied to generate the electricity from the provided energy sources.
Water-energy nexus refers to the interdependence between water resources and energy conversion, and it encompasses the multiple phases of electric power generation and water processing and distribution.
Such 'Energy Hubs' have the potential to provide a unique future integrated system to meet consumer's energy demands utilizing conversion and storage technologies for multiple energy carriers such as electricity and hydrogen.
We investigated the effect of well layer thicknesses on the external quantum efficiency (EQE) and energy conversion efficiency (ECE) for InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) solar cells grown on sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition.
