The special "sandwich" structure of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) provides multiple electron transfer interfaces and two charge transport channels inside the cell.
Respiration proceeds via multiple electron transfer steps.
These supercomplexes are known to contain multiple individual electron transport components and their formation and function are just beginning to be analyzed in detail [ 7, 8].
Here we apply IVC to the directed evolution of [FeFe] hydrogenase I (referred to as CpI) from C. pasteurianum, a complex metalloenzyme containing multiple iron-sulfur electron transport clusters and an H-cluster catalytic prosthetic group composed of [4Fe-4S] and [2Fe-2S] clusters augmented by cyanide, carbon monoxide, and dithiolate ligands [26], [27].
The substitution rates thus increase in multiple proteins in the electron transport chain following the divergence of anthropoid primates from tarsiers.
Mitochondrial dysfunction was identified as highly significance, with multiple components of the electron transport Complexes I, II, III and V being down-regulated (Supplementary Material, Fig. S12).
As photosynthesis inherently produces strong oxidants and reductants, and utilizes multiple redox active intermediate electron transport chain, maintenance of redox balance is particularly challenging in photosynthetic microbes [ 52].
The data from A/ Ci curves were used to calculate Vcmax (maximum rate of RuBiSCO-mediated carboxylation) and Jmax (maximum rate of electron transport) for multiple WT, DEF2 and DEF2+TG1 plants using the equations by von Caemmerer, Farquhar and Sharkey [ 36, 37].
The down-regulation of the genes encoding multiple subunits of the mitochondrial electron transport chain including ones from complex I (gas-1, C18E9.4, and D2030.4), complex II (sdha-1), and complex V (asg-2) suggests a reduction in mitochondrial energy production.
The electron transport chain comprises multiple enzymatic complexes of which one or all may be compromised in SS.
