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The modularization of type I PKSs almost unexceptionally started with multiple duplications of a single ancestor module.
In addition, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family has expanded in BMR because of multiple duplications of the gene Gfra1.
Multiple duplications of segments 30 to 50 residues in length have been particularly successful as judged from their spread in the eukaryotic cell [1], [2].
Our analyses also indicate that there have been multiple duplications of genes encoding the β-subunit and few (if any) duplications of α-subunit encoding genes.
Several structural changes have occurred to Gr39a, including the loss of exon C in D. willistoni and the species of Drosophila subgenus, and multiple duplications of exon A in D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, D. willistoni, D. mojavensis, D. virilis and D. grimshawii, around the time of the Drosophila-Sophophora division.
Based on the phylogenetic tree, multiple duplications of mouse Nlrp4 could be depicted as follows.
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No multiple duplication of the hinge region, as reported for human IgG1 and IgG3, was detected in any of the canine IgG γ chains.
The human hsp70-gene family is characterized by a remarkable evolutionary diversity that mainly resulted from multiple duplications and retrotranspositions of a highly expressed gene, HSPA8.
The human hsp70-gene family is in the main the result of multiple duplications facilitated by frequent retrotransposition events of a single highly expressed gene, HSPA8.
Multiple duplication events of these gene clusters have led to a significant expansion of the Hox gene family in vertebrates.
Hence expression profiles of orthologs may play a significant role in tissues [ 40] wherein orthologs with lineage-specific gene duplications tend not to have highly correlated expression profiles or even orthologs with multiple duplications show weaker correlations of expression profiles.
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