Multiple duplications often generate pseudogenes, so some duplicated genes will be non-functional.
The modularization of type I PKSs almost unexceptionally started with multiple duplications of a single ancestor module.
The VAL system was perceived by some interviewees as being too complicated and unclear with too many words, columns, and multiple duplications.
Like in mice, the cluster formed by multiple duplications.
Multiple duplications of segments 30 to 50 residues in length have been particularly successful as judged from their spread in the eukaryotic cell [1], [2].
Our analyses also indicate that there have been multiple duplications of genes encoding the β-subunit and few (if any) duplications of α-subunit encoding genes.
Interestingly, we very often observed multiple duplications with three or four transverse HG in WS subjects, which occurs only rarely in the general population.
Closely related to each other, exons B and A were found in all species, B as a single copy exon, while exon A underwent multiple duplications in several lineages (Figure 1A).
The multiple duplications and divergences leading to the indole and aliphatic glucosinolate MYBs as well as in the genes which they regulate (e.g. CYP79F1/F2 and CYP79B2/B3) provides means to address evolutionary questions, as these genes have evolved specific and overlapping functions that show complex interconnectivity over time.
Even within the genus Caenorhabditis, detailed locus-specific studies have shown that there are marked differences for some categories of defense genes, including the inducible nlp and cnc genes, which have undergone multiple duplications in C. elegans compared to C. remanei or C. brenneri [12].
Several structural changes have occurred to Gr39a, including the loss of exon C in D. willistoni and the species of Drosophila subgenus, and multiple duplications of exon A in D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, D. willistoni, D. mojavensis, D. virilis and D. grimshawii, around the time of the Drosophila-Sophophora division.
