For the acquisition of strains resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam, fluoroquinolones and multiple drugs, exposure to amikacin may be more relevant than previously recognized.
Therefore, in certain patient populations such as patients with acute or chronic renal impairment or with multiple drug interactions, measurement of drug exposure may be useful to ensure an optimal treatment response.
The significant risk factors in this analysis were a family history of breast cancer (3.87, 2.91 to 5.14), a history of other cancers (1.64, 1.44 to 1.87), exposure to multiple drug classes (1.04 per additional class, 1.02 to 1.06), and exposure to steroids (0.78, 0.65 to 0.92).
MDR can be intrinsic or acquired through chemotherapeutic drug exposure, and multiple mechanisms are likely to contribute to clinical MDR.
We observed significantly increased phosphorylation of PLC-y1, WNK1, RSK1/2/3, p53 and c-Jun in the MSC treated with cisplatin overnight (Fig. 2b) indicating that the drug exposure activated multiple pathways but did not result in significant reduction of viability further supporting the chemoresistant properties of MSC.
It is estimated that about 50% of patients develop lipodystrophy after one to two years of exposure to multiple drug therapy including a protease inhibiter (PI) [ 6].
Moreover, the existence of genetic multidrug resistance determinants (e.g., plasmids carrying genes coding for resistance to multiple drugs) means that exposure to one antibiotic may lead to increased reservoirs of multiple other antibiotics as well.
Multiple doses of levosulpiride increased the drug exposure by 22%.
Therefore, new pharmaceutical alternatives are necessary for increasing the BZD drug exposure to shorten the multiple administrations.
Additionally, states can be defined by applying previously described methods for assessing drug exposure, such as single or multiple-interval measures of medication gaps [ 12, 13].
