Thus, rapamycin acts at a level in the TOR pathway that captures multiple downstream target processes to extend life span.
When multiple downstream signaling processes (v26, v28, v44, and v52) are targeted for inhibition, the ERK-PP signal response becomes much more sensitive to the levels of inhibition.
This concept implies that a sustained exposure to reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNOS), mediates multiple downstream biological processes via covalent modification of proteins, nucleic acids and/or lipoproteins, which finally accounts for irreversible deterioration.
Aberrant activation of signalling pathways by oncogenes is likely to alter the abundance of multiple signalling lipids, thereby influencing numerous downstream processes that are crucial for cell transformation.
CD44 appears to regulate multiple downstream signaling pathways to control these keratinocyte processes and these include coordination of signaling through EGFR, activation of RHO GTPase and translocation of activated ERK1,2 to the cell nucleus [ 4, 17, 35, 99, 100].
A model-based process optimization approach has to consider the complexity of biopharmaceutical downstream processes, especially the interactions of multiple chromatographic operations.
Thus, induction of perichondral ossification by Ihh likely involves multiple downstream effectors, and a full understanding of the process requires further investigation.
The pleiotropic effects of HOXA10 on endometrial differentiation and function are likely modulated through the regulation of multiple downstream targets that are necessary for the implantation process (Daftary et al., 2002; Troy et al., 2003).
Signaling networks regulate multiple downstream activities in cells and tissues, in contrast to ongoing metabolic homeostatic processes (Trevino Santa Cruz et al. 2005).
