Other samples that grew B. cepacia included a bottle of normal saline used as a multiple dose vial for preparation of intravenous (IV) drugs, a gallipot of sterile water used for suction of airway of a ventilated baby, 2 incubator humidifiers and a ventilator humidifier.
To prospectively evaluate the risks of vial contamination after routine clinical use of multiple-dose vials for immunotherapy.
Exposures to thimerosal through pediatric vaccines, however, still occur in other countries where multiple-dose vials are used to maintain childhood immunization programs and the control of preventable disease (Knezevic et al. 2004).
Although logistically difficult, clinics can also arrange times for multiple travelers to be seen simultaneously for YF vaccination; this strategy takes advantage of multiple-dose vials that might be more readily available.
Also, use of multiple-dose vials is considered an important source of patient-patient transmission of hepatitis B and C. In our study, number of cases with HBV increased with the number of injections received.
In these studies it is further shown that the use of multiple-dose vials is common in many government and private sector hospitals of Pakistan that is the major risk factor for the transmission of HCV infection [ 44- 46] especially genotype 3a.
In a resource limited tropical setting, cessation of the use of multiple dose IV fluid vials and simple hygienic measures proved to be effective in controlling and preventing outbreaks of B. cepacia.
However, there was an outbreak of B. cepacia due to contaminated multiple-dose heparin vials [ 19].
multiple dose activated charcoal.
Nevertheless, some preparations of Td, DT, influenza (mainly in multi dose vials), meningococcal (multidose vials) vaccines could contains minimal, not significant, trace amounts (<1 mlg/0,5 ml).
