A recent workshop discussed the recognition of multiple distinct ligands by individual T cell and B cell receptors and the implications of this discovery for lymphocyte biology.
The emerging realization in the field is that T cell receptors (TcR) recognize multiple distinct ligands.
Recently, Boulanger et al. reported that large desolvation energy in the absence of any observable plasticity structurally is the main driver for the recognition of multiple distinct ligands by the cytokine receptor gp130 [42].
In the future, this technique will be used for measuring traction forces on complex patterns with multiple, spatially distinct ligands in systems for applying strain to the substrate, and in sandwich cultures that generate quasi-three-dimensional environments for cells.
The PFAM subset still contains a bias toward particular families of proteins that are over represented in this dataset such as protein kinases (Pfam PF00069) and trypsin (Pfam PF00089) domains, with 143 and 61 cases, respectively, that were crystallized multiple times with distinct ligands.
Mammalian cells typically express multiple GPCRs responsive to distinct ligands, and it is thought that surface expression of particular GPCRs is regulated in a receptor-specific and ligand-dependent manner, allowing cells to dynamically regulate their responsiveness to particular ligands.
This method yields a metric that quantifies the influence on overall ligand affinity of ligand binding to multiple, distinct sites within a protein binding region.
In fact, in the context of bacterial infections, multiple TLRs are likely to be activated by distinct ligands associated with bacteria, including peptidoglycans, flagellin, lipopolysaccharides, DNA and RNA.
On the other hand, the existence of multiple distinct families of riboswitches that recognize the same ligand demonstrates great flexibility inherent in an RNA molecule.
Ultimately, the results of our comparative metabolomic analysis suggest that ligand synthesis is separated into multiple pathways in tissues as distinct as neurons, intestinal cells, hypodermis and spermatheca, producing several chemically distinct ligands.
Generation of complex protocellular junctions comprising multiple distinct lectin domains.
